CHAPTER 5: RELATION BETWEEN GENERAL RELATIVISTIC GRAVITY AND QUANTUM GRAVITY

    As mentioned in the last chapter, we learned a brief description about gravity in quantum level. In this chapter, we are going to see about the description of gravity given by Einstein and its relation with the quantum gravity.

   Einstein mentioned gravity in such a way in his research paper in such a way that its effect on quantum level will be very much small(negligible) which follows the description of gravity in quantum level. The general relativistic gravity can be exemplified as follows: If we keep a football in the center of a paper and a tennis ball on the side the paper, it will be attracted strongly by the basketball, but on the other side if we keep the feather of a pigeon on the other side it will not be attracted much strongly towards the ball. The same effect is applied in reality. The quantum particles do not experience much gravity because of their very small size. But, is gravity depends only on mass and size?  

  The effect of gravity not only depends on the size and mass of particles, but also on the shape and curvature of the particles. To understand this, let's see an example: Take two papers which are not in contact with each other. In first paper keep the football and see the curvature of the paper on beneath the football. In other paper, keep one golf ball and note down its curvature on the paper beneath the ball. What will be noticed by these experiment? The curvature of the paper as seen in the case of football will be u shaped. And same in the second case. But the major difference in the two cases is the depth of u shape. In second case the depth of u shape is higher than that in the first case, i.e. in the first case the it will not be a perfect u shape, but in the second case the shape of the golf ball will be a perfect u. By these experiment it will be concluded that due to the perfect shape of u the gravitational effect shown by golf ball will be slightly greater than football.

   The football mentioned above is like a black hole, Its not like that the gravity is weaker, the gravitational effect of a black hole is very much stronger, but not much that the light cannot escape it. Because if this happens, then the rest part will be science fiction as mentioned in the movie interstellar. The person who falls inside the black hole will experience things faster than any other object in the universe, because indirectly the person is travelling at a speed greater than light which violates all practical rules and laws of physics. But the universe is very much big beyond our imagination. Is it possible that the universe works exactly like our physics?

   Here comes quantum mechanics which violates all the laws of physics. Any object in the universe can't travel at a speed of light. But this is not the case in quantum level. In quantum level there is an effect known as butterfly effect. According to this effect if we doing any basic action on the earth in one place, its effect will be sent to the universe greater than speed of light and will be reflected back towards us. This is what we call 'karma'. Are there any other any particles which carry photons with such a high speed? The answer is both yes and no. In practical world, the photon particles are massless and due to this the photon particles are not effected by any force in the universe because every object has mass. But in quantum world every object is connected with each other. In quantum level, photon particles are carried by some other particles or wave which give the photons the speed of light. Its like the air and the leaf on the ground. The air is the carrying wave or particle and the leaf is like a photon. The leaf travels as the air travels. And also air is everywhere in the earth which carry many objects like leaf. It is obvious that air travels at a speed greater than leaf. Same is the case with the carrier particles or wave of photons.

  And also because of this, we can see the two nature of electrons in double slit experiment. We can say that the butterfly effect is produced by our eyes(like the air to leaf) to the electrons due to which it changes its form when we detect it with eyes and when we not. And so, the black hole can't violate the laws of physics as physics laws can only be violated in quantum level and not in the physical world. Because of the negligible effect of quantum gravity, the strings of quantum gravity can travel to other smaller dimensions and may be the quantum gravity is the unified force (origin force), and therefore we can't detect its effect on minute particles but according to relativity if our size reduces like photons then we can detect the effect of quantum gravity and therefore relatively  quantum gravity may be the butterfly effect or 'karma'.

CHAPTER 4: UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY

What is gravity?

Do we really know what is gravity and how it practically works? 

Do we understand the origin of gravity?

What are the force carrier particles of gravity?

How gravity really works in black hole?

Is Einstein's description of theory in general theory of relativity true?

      

     These are some questions about gravity which we are going to discuss in this chapter.

    

    To understand gravity we must understand the origin of all other three forces (i.e strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force) and how matters are produced in quantum level and how these forces work in quantum level.

      Every particles in this universe are divided into two categories: 1.Fermions  2.Bosons

     Fermions are responsible for the formation of every matter in this universe. Fermions also contain two types of particles 1.Quarks 2.Leptons                                                              Quarks are of six types 1.up (u)  2.down (d)  3.charm(c)  4.strange(s)  5.top(t)  6.bottom(b)    Quarks are very unstable particles due to which they come together to form new particles which are known as hadrons. Hadrons are also divided into two types 1.Baryons  2.Mesons   Baryons are formed by the combination of three quarks. Protons and neutrons are  formed by the combination of two quarks(i.e. up and down). Protons are formed by the combination of two up and one down quarks whereas neutrons are formed by the combination of two down and one up quarks. Mesons are formed by the combination of one Quark and one Anti-Quark (kaon, pion, etc.). The combination of other four types of quarks gives rise to other different types of particles. Leptons are not formed by the quarks because they are stable particles. Leptons are also of six types: 1.electron neutrino(ve)  2.electron(e-)  3.muon neutrino(vu)  4.muon(u)  5.tau neutrino(vt)  6.tau(T). In the above classification of both quarks and Leptons numbers: 1&2-Family I,  3&4-Family II,  5&6-Family III.  Like electrons, leptons also have anti particles. Here, fermions do not contribute to the working, construction and formation of forces.

    Boson particles are responsible for the formation of some forces. Bosons are of four types 1.Photons  2.W/Z Boson  3.Gluons  4.Gravitons*                                                                       The formation of electromagnetic force is due to photon particles. Electromagnetic force can't be generated without photons. The W/Z Boson particles are responsible for the formation of Weak nuclear force. Due to weak nuclear force, beta decay occurs and anti-neutrino is formed. This force converts protons into neutrons by releasing some amount of radiation. Gluon particles are responsible for the formation of strong nuclear force. This type of force is very much strong approximately 1000 times stronger than 2nd strongest force(i.e. weak nuclear force). This force is so much strong that this force can hold protons which are positively charged and neutrons which are neutral together in one nucleus. 

    Besides all this, the particle which is responsible for gravitational force is not discovered. We gave one hypothetical name for this particle (i.e. gravitons). In so called black hole formation we assumed that the range of gravitational force is infinite which is not possible because for this to happen the mass of that object should be zero which is again one impossible loop. This force is the weakest of all forces. This force is 1 trillion times weaker than weak nuclear force. The reason for so much amount of weakness can be explained with the help of string theory. According to string theory, quarks and electrons are attached to only one dimension because which the quarks and electrons strings cannot move in other dimensions and hence we can detect them. Gravitons are closed strings and they are not attached to any membrane due to which they keep on travelling from one dimension to another dimension. Due to this we can't easily detect them. But in Large Hadron Collider if we create enormous amount of energy at that point of second when the graviton strings are in our dimension we could know some practical properties of gravitational force.

     By studying force from Big-Bang till now we came to know the combination different forces. When the Big-Bang occured all the forces were unified. Because the origin of gravitational force is not discovered we assume that after big-bang gravitational force was divided and after that strong nuclear force got divided. After that electroweak force was the 3rd existing force & and after certain time we discovered that the electroweak force gave birth to electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force. 

    How Einstein's gravitational force description can be related to the above formation of force and black hole will be explained in the next chapter...

CHAPTER 3: GENERAL RELATIVISTIC IN BLACK HOLE

  

  The Black holes solutions are made by some huge non-physical assumptions. According to 2nd law of thermodynamics if a body is contracting some radiations have to pass through it for contracting. It not only has a contraction but also it has some resistance like viscosity, heat radiation, heat flow, etc . Stephen hawking, Roger Penrose gave solutions by assuming that the black holes only have gravitational collapse. And from that they assumed that there is a trapped surface around the black hole from which nothing can escape. For a rotating black hole the photon sphere gets converted into a ring. The image of a so called blackhole can be the shadow of any object ( for e.g. if we keep the tennis ball or any spherical object in front of sun's rays the shadow is created). 

 

  In Einstein's special  theory of relativity as shown in the image (ve=v) if we put the value of v>c then mathematically the time(t^1) can't exist because there will be negative in the square root which diverges us to imaginary axis. And if we put v=c then the t^1 becomes infinite. As mentioned in the previous chapter time and space interchange their values and signs. If we take the x,y,z coordinates in a straight line in pythagoras theorem as shown in the image and if some object is travelling faster than light then that object can see the things earlier than other person and also time will be slow for that person and he can see future and in a sense the decrement in speed of time will be proportional to the future time (i.e. for example he can go 1hr in future for some small increase in v, 2 hrs for big increase and so on...). In the image ds is the space-time curvature. This is a science fiction and in that there comes many paradoxes which can't be solved.

 However in quantum mechanics if we assume that value of h/4pie equal to 1 then we all can see that all effects of quantum mechanics. But the value of h/4pie is very much small approximately 10^-34 something. Therefore we can't see that things happening with our naked eyes. We can just calculate the probability of that position of that electron. For understanding the accurate position of that electron we must know the waves that are emitted by the person ( i.e. think that a person is walking in a path, we can't assume its exact path the maximum thing that we can do is calculate the probability, but that person knows where he is going. The waves are created after every millisecond in our body and environment and according to that waves it commands to our brain and we follow that exact path and that waves are also emitted in the surrounding from which the electron chooses its path and according to that waves that physical object works, but the biggest and most important difference is that we can the things that we can see and that object also works with our calculation but the electrons don't because the commander for that electrons are the waves that are generated by any object in the universe). But we can't calculate the waves that are generated by every object in the universe, so therefore if we detect the waves that are generated in a bounded we can predict the path more accurately than today's

technique, because today we calculate the probability by just using wavefunction. And therefore in quantum level all the laws get violated but not in the real world that we see like the so called blackholes. 

Stephen hawking also gave  theory of hawking radiation to strengthen the paradigm of black hole. And the theory got accepted because the radiation is due to relativistic quantum effects which is true for every object because every object emits radiation in quantum level. Highlight the point that the laws are only violated in quantum level and not in the real world ( reason mentioned above).

CHAPTER 2: HYPOTHETICAL BEHAVIOUR OF BLACKHOLE

  Stars usually have two forces due to which they contract and expand. There are some limitations of expansion and contraction, meaning after a certain mass they cannot expand. Because after a certain mass the force of contraction becomes much larger than expansion. The force of contraction is due to gravity and the force of expansion is due to radiation pressure.

  If the mass of a neutron star is more than 3 solar masses then gravitational force wins over repulsion due to radiation pressure . And also any star's radius in space cannot be smaller than Schwarzschild radius. The formula for Schwarzschild radius is 2GM/c^2 in which M is the mass of the object and c is speed of light in vacuum. It has a certain limit of expansion and contraction. The density of neutron star is very much higher than the Sun, approximately 100 trillion times more than the Sun. Therefore Schwarzschild radius for a neutron star is much higher than the Sun.

 Gravitational shift of an object are the waves that are emitted by an object as it moves away from  gravitational field. As it moves away, the color appears reddish and at only a few distance from which it stars moving away it appears blue. As it moves away the frequency of the wave decreases and the wavelength increases. And as the object is moving away, photon starts losing its energy due to which the reddish color appears. The value of gravitational shift is much smaller. For the Sun whose Schwarzschild Radius is approximately 3 km, the gravitational redshift is only about one millionth.

 If the photon particles are emitting from a spherical star of Radius R1  and it reaches at some receiver (assume on the Earth)  and the Radius at which the radiation is approaching is R2 and the escape velocity of that object is same as that of Earth. And the emitting wavelength is (lambda)1 and receiving wavelength is (lambda)2 and the gravitational redshift is z, then z is defined by change in wavelength/ initial wavelength. Assume the Schwarzschild radius to be RS. The Schwarzschild radius of black hole is 2M (by setting G=c=1). They came to be known as Schwarzschild black hole, derivation is written in image:

 Factor for the time part A=(1-2M/R1) and for radial part B = -(1-2M/R1)^-1. Therefore at R1=2M time becomes 0 and radial distance becomes -infinity and for R1<2M the signatures are changed and inside the blackhole time becomes space and space becomes time. At the event horizon z=infinity and in this case light cannot escape from event horizon and it should appear black. For a black hole mimicker, R1=2M(1+e),z=1/e^1/2 which is a huge value of z but not infinite and for black hole, e=0 which is not possible. This proves that light can escape from a blackhole mimicker it just bends due to intense gravity which is valid in mathematics and also follows Einstein's theory of relativity. The event horizon is assumed to be the origin and therefore R1=0 (at event horizon). This point has infinite density and pressure and it is a gravitational singularity where space-time curvature is infinite. Therefore the blackhole paradigm doesn't follow Einstein's theory of relativity.

           

 

CHAPTER ONE: AN INTRODUCTION TO BLACK HOLE

     When the image of first black hole was released (i.e. on April 10,2019) I was bit confused that how one could capture the image of that thing from which light cannot escape.

     Therefore, to study about it in deep I purchased a book named, "A brief history of time" by Stephen Hawking.

      In social media, everywhere there was only the same paradigm about black hole. Nobody discussed about the possibilities of the image. But I wanted to know the reality behind that image, so I decided to pursue knowledge about evolution of stars, thermodynamics, what actually is gravity and how it works through both in mathematical way and in practical way. But for that I needed good sources to study about that and then suddenly I remembered one thing...                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             When I was in 10th grade in 2018 there was one chapter in my textbook of Stephen Hawking. That chapter became my turning point because from that day I came to know about new things that I didn't knew earlier. Therefore, after I remembering this I purchased that book which didn't matched much with my theories.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         According to Einstein's theory of relativity photon particles can't be blocked by any means and if an object can block, then how one can capture the image of that thing. This thing made me astonished and initiated me to study more about such mysterious object.